1. Why it Matters for Best Outcomes

Healthy soil is not just about nutrients — it must also be free from harmful organisms. Soil-borne pests (like termites, white grubs, root borers) and diseases (caused by fungi, bacteria, nematodes) can silently attack crops from below the surface. Unlike visible pests above ground, these enemies often remain hidden until damage becomes severe. They weaken roots, reduce nutrient uptake, and cause unpredictable yield losses, making them a critical factor in resource endowment.

2. When Soil Pests and Diseases are Minimal

Farms with balanced soils, good organic matter, and active biological life usually face fewer soil-borne problems. Natural predators like birds, beneficial fungi, and nematode-trapping organisms help maintain control. Crops grow sturdier roots, withstand stress better, and need fewer chemical treatments. Farmers enjoy stability and lower production costs.

3. When Soil Pests and Diseases are Severe

Heavily infested soils make farming a constant struggle. Nematodes cause stunted growth and poor yields in vegetables and pulses. Termites can destroy seedlings and damage standing crops. Persistent fungal diseases in the soil (like wilt or root rot) can wipe out entire fields. Farmers spend heavily on pesticides, soil fumigation, and resistant varieties, yet often see reduced productivity and declining soil health.